This research defines the main features of Hartmut Rosa's critical project based on the socio-philosophical implications he attached to the concept of acceleration. Through this concept, he developed a phenomenological thesis on time, explaining within his critical approaches the transformations of culture, identity, technology, and society. The article also addresses the issues of late modernity within this project, which are represented by totalitarianism, cultural transformations, and the problem of recognition in their structural and functional relationships with technical acceleration, the acceleration of social relations, and changes in the pace of life. In the same context, the research deals with the systematic updating of the concepts of freedom, resonance, and reification, which explain how time operates and its impact on perceptions of self and representations of things and the world within the dialectics of interaction and the dialectics of action. It explores the structural and functional transformations caused by acceleration in patterns of interaction between individuals, their relationships with time, and the replacement of the social with the virtual in the context of forming individual and collective identity. To do this, it revisits the ontological question about technology and its cultural, social, and political outputs, and re-examines the dialectic of the self and instrumental rationality in late modernity and the critical project in relation to Rosa's attempt to build a critical theory of time.